BLOCKCHAIN UNTUK PEMERINTAHAN DIGITAL: SUATU KAJIAN LITERATUR SISTEMATIS
Keywords:
Blockchain, Pemerintahan Digital, Transparansi, Identitas Digital, Layanan PublicAbstract
Penelitian ini mengkaji perkembangan penerapan blockchain dalam pemerintahan digital, dengan fokus pada domain aplikasi seperti manajemen identitas digital, e-voting, transparansi keuangan dan pengadaan, pengelolaan arsip publik, serta layanan lintas instansi. Berdasarkan telaah literatur terbaru tahun 2021–2025, ditemukan bahwa blockchain berperan penting dalam meningkatkan transparansi, akuntabilitas, keamanan data, serta efisiensi birokrasi. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa kawasan Asia mendominasi penelitian dengan kontribusi 42%, diikuti Eropa, Amerika Utara, dan wilayah lain, yang mencerminkan perbedaan prioritas adopsi teknologi di berbagai konteks pemerintahan. Secara domain, penelitian paling banyak berfokus pada transparansi keuangan dan pengadaan (30%), disusul identitas digital, e-voting, serta arsip dan layanan publik. Manfaat utama penerapan blockchain dalam pemerintahan meliputi peningkatan kepercayaan publik melalui mekanisme pencatatan yang tidak dapat dimanipulasi (tamper-evident), keamanan data berbasis kriptografi, dan integrasi lintas instansi yang mempercepat layanan publik. Namun demikian,tantangan signifikan masih muncul, meliputi isu regulasi, skalabilitas, biaya implementasi, kesiapan infrastruktur, serta resistensi birokrasi dan rendahnya literasi digital. Arah penelitian masa depan menekankan pada integrasi blockchain dengan AI, IoT, dan big data; pengembangan model tata kelola berbasis blockchain; serta pelaksanaan pilot project di berbagai negara untuk menguji efektivitas teknologi dalam konteks nyata. Secara teoretis, penelitian ini memperkaya literatur mengenai governance digital berbasis teknologi terdistribusi, sedangkan secara praktis memberikan rekomendasi bagi pembuat kebijakan dalam merancang strategi implementasi blockchain yang berkelanjutan dan inklusif.
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